Issues of business ethics and social responsibility

Issues of business morals and social obligation The accomplishment of the aims or set destinations of the business association requires the foundation of the administration structure that guarantees appropriate meaning of job and duties to give the premise to the improvement of powerful determination frameworks that guide the enlistment and commitment of reasonable staff to possess positions made inside the setting of the business undertaking to release the doled out jobs and mindful forward the accomplishment of the set objectives and target of the business concern Without a doubt, the set targets of the business association can't be accomplished except if the representatives of the business undertaking exhibit the fitting moral practices in the execution of doled out obligations, eventually upgrading the corporate picture of the business outfit in the earth where it works. This gets basic to stralegies created to animated the support of the products and administration delivered and gave by the business concern Agreeing Dr. B. Odusina, Managing Partner of Upman Ltd in a talk paper conveyed named: Business Ethics and Corporate Governance on 16 June 2001 at a Seminar Organized for Mobil Oil Producing at Ogere Training Center; There is the need to pressure that representatives who show deceptive conduct don't advance the fortunes and the territory being of the business association, and therefore, except if such negative practices are surrendered it gets incomprehensible for them to make the ideal commitment towards the achievement of the business undertaking Odusina went further to state that administration science, today has made accessible scope of characteristics, and attributes that structure the reason for the improvement of the fitting industry moral conduct that ought to ought to portray the manner and activity of the people examined in the last piece of this workshop paper. THE CONCEPT OF ETHICS What are Ethics? Morals are wall painting laws that include: A high Sense of mindfulness Manage tin: Time Management Life Goals Programming Individual Grooming Consciousness Human Relations Taking a stab at Excellence Self-control A High awareness of other's expectations and unwaveringness towards: Ones Own Roles Towards Superiors and Subordinates Towards Company Customers and Suppliers Towards the procurement and utilization of different assets Towards ones own family, network and country Nigeria 3. A high feeling of Probity in: (a) Dealing with Confidential issues (b) Handling Companys Finances (c) In totally different circumstances A high feeling of Accountability For power and jobs played For assets used For the existence spent HISRORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BUSINESS ETHICS We start by seeing a few causes lately of open worry about authoritative conduct. It would, obviously be doing an incredible bad form to past ages to envision that lone our own paid attention to this subject. The nineteenth century, while offering ascend to some exceptionally unfortunate strategic approaches, was striking likewise for its spearheading work in territory, for example, abolitionist youngster work changes, and the improvement administrative system to check maltreatment in organization financing. A general public which deniers credit to the moral pioneers of the past, in light of the fact that they didn't address all of today noticeable topics, starts to sabotage its own establishment. As per David Munay (1997) the morals of business and hierarchical life have gained an impressively higher open just as expert profile during the previous fifteen years Managers and top skippers of modern concerns currently get various solicitations to meetings, classes and workshops on subj ects, for example, corporate qualities, corporate administration and other moral parts of the board. The books falls convey an expanding number of authority titles and no self regarding the board text would now be able to preclude probably some conversation of hierarchical qualities or corporate social obligation. The 1970s in Nigeria saw an attention on fast riches creation on account of oil blast; a get - rich - brisk condition and the broad disregarding of good goals past benefit misfortune and income explanations. In Nigeria especially we are presently well into a time of good reflection Business if a long way from being the main extra in which this is going on, however it is especially observable ostensibly in light of the across the board disregard of such issues for such a long time Somewhat, this expanded premium might be an outcome of a moderately high number of broadly advertised embarrassments as it incorporates bank fakes, bombed contracts, charge evasing by corporate multinationals, cheats in hard monetary forms by top government functionaries, shameful development expense extortion famously called 419 that is influencing our picture abroad to make reference to a couple Around three continuous occasions a year ago 2004, a large portion of our famous dailies announced Nigeria to be the second most degenerate nation on the planet, after Cameroon. This was on the acceptable authority of Transparency International These and other sensational untrustworthy practice are giving the administration and private segment administrators a genuine concern. The ongoing breakdown of Arthur Anderson and other much regarded worldwide concerns are an a valid example EVEYDAY ETHICS The key business morals concern is simply the way that the business conducts in its conventional, consistently routline exercises The way the firm arrangements with its staff and its clients, the manner in which it structures and supports its items, the manner in which it grants agreement and allots blame㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ these are the key decides of whether a business is moral, and are as significant as the manner in which it manages emergencies. As per Elaire Sternberg (2000) the occasions that stand out significant fakes, for instance may not speak to moral problems for business: in such cases representatives regularly concede to what is correct. The issues that such occasions present are genuine ones, however frequently concern viable challenges; how to actualize concurred moral norm, how to manage the miscreants who unfortunately exist in business as in somewhere else: Sternberg opined further that the extremely prickly business morals issues conversely, are those where there an authentic contradiction about what is correct or wrong. THE TOOLS OF ETHICS Qualities It is helpful in this content to perceive that business morals can allude to a few unique things most normally, it alludes to moral direct in and by business. In this sense, in advantages to business incorporate doing the privilege commonly advances accomplishment of business objectives. While doing an inappropriate things impedes the progressive quest for those objectives. To perceive things are the correct things notwithstanding, it is useful to comprehend the rules that underlie moral direct in business. In like manner business morals as the information and investigation of such standards can likewise be of an incentive to business. As indicated by sternbery (2000), a moral choice that unmistakably sets out the guideline of business ethic can help business both to recognize and really resolve business morals issues. A model is the㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦equivalent of a guide it can help direct business through the moral issues that it unavoidably should deal with A model isn't, anyway a panacea similarly as a Map doesn't truly streamline the human. What a moral choice model can do is very significant. Most generally, I can assist with killing reasonable issues, it can enable a business to abstain from squandering its asset on deceptive issues and baseless blame. A moral choice model can demonstrate when and how moral conversation is suitable in a business setting. At the point when all inside the business share a typical jargon for moral issue, they can verbalize moral norms and good inquiries without any problem By decreasing good muteness and advancing the early discovery and goals of moral issues, a moral choice model in this manner empowers the business to profit by the cautiousness its staff. Likewise, a moral choice model can do a lot to decrease the expenses and antagonistic outcome of moral issues. By enlightening what is in question in any circumstance, and what the substitute strategy may be a moral choice can show what data is important and what can be disregarded. Social PERSPECTIVE TO VALUES In a given culture, at a given time, there is expansive concession to significant qualities. Mos individuals concur on what is acceptable (for example the correct vole), and what is awful (debasement in government). Not all individuals or gatherings of individuals hold a similar worth, however the worth o of those in lion's share will influence convictions and practices of society. As indicated by Yalokwu (2002), The activity of directors are influenced to a great extent by then close to home convictions (Guth and Jaguini, 1965). For models administrator who are roused by financial worth will in general pressure the significance of development for their organizations. Administrators who are roused by social qualities then again, may be happy to forfeit some organization development to improve the states of administration of the workers. Yet, notwithstanding, values are not just factors, that impact chiefs choice. The particular circumstance a chief appearances will have extraordinary impact on or even rule how a supervisor carries on. RIGHTS: Moral concerns penneate each part of business movement Ethical issues emerge clearly regarding center moral qualities; when there are question of, for instance genuineness or equity. They additionally are possibly at issue at whatever point activity or choice influence others, either by aiding or by hurting them. Be that as it may, moral issues can even emerge when different people groups right and interests are not legitimately in question. At whatever point there is a decided to be made between values or a superior and a more regrettable method of accomplishing something or a thing is regarded to be a decent one of its sort, a moral judgment is included. In this wide sense, most decisions and decisions and choice about objectives standard, quality and needs are moral

The Decrease in the APE, a Decrease in the ASF and a Sudden Rise in Essay

The Decrease in the APE, a Decrease in the ASF and a Sudden Rise in GDP Demonstrated Graphically - Essay Example An interest stun - fall in APE In the outline above, we think about the impact of a fall in APE. The prompt reaction from organizations is to hold on to check whether the APE comes back to its underlying tallness. At the point when it doesn't, the yield value change process is started which prompts falling costs, yield, work and benefits until the correspondence between GDP, ASF and APE is reestablished. The fall in yield and work anyway will proceed until costs and benefits come back to their underlying levels. Next consider the effect of a decrease in ASF. The underlying subsidizing alteration will show as a sharp ascent in loan costs. Figure 2: Impact of fall in ASF - cash and credit caused downturn The accompanying yield value change process like the previous case will include drops in yield, business, financing costs, costs and benefits until GDP=ASF=APE. Yield and business will keep on falling until benefit and costs ascend back up to their underlying levels. Toward the finish of the coordination technique, yield and business will be down while financing costs will be up yet costs and benefits will be reestablished to their underlying levels. At long last, think about the effect of an ascent in GDP. The underlying effect will be an ascent in financing costs. At that point, as the makers respond to inadequate requests, yield and work will fall back to the underlying levels. Be t hat as it may, this circumstance will prompt an interest caused recessionary situation which animates the coordination strategy portrayed in the principal case in this part. ... The APE line moves out prompting overabundance request which thusly prompts an ascent in loan costs. Be that as it may, since ASF is lethargic to financing cost changes, this ascent in loan fees will have no effect on ASF and I keeps on ascending until it comes to i1 which connotes the new harmony loan cost since in light of present conditions, the whole ascent in APE is packed out and we again have the correspondence. The contrary component would have been activated if there should be an occurrence of a negative stun to APE hitting the framework. This is appeared in the outline beneath. Figure 5 Thus, we see that a stun to APE just prompts a development in the loan fee a similar way while GDP, work and costs are left unaltered. In this manner, the traditional convention infers that financing costs are adaptable enough to oblige for any stuns to APE with the end goal that developments in the loan fee assimilates the full brunt of the stun and GDP, business and costs are left unaltere d. Next, consider the effect of a stun to ASF. This is appeared in the graph beneath. Figure 6 For this situation it is really the value level that reacts while every single other angle continue as before. Loan costs change at first however they are reestablished back to the underlying levels as value modifications happen and the ASF line is reestablished to its unique state. It is appropriate to take note of that uneven characters between the total interest and flexibly of yield was thought to be relieved altogether through cost alterations since the traditional financial experts accepted that organizations kept up a specific degree of yield and benefits which stayed fixed so that at whatever point this degree of yield surpassed or missed the mark regarding subsidized interest, cost modifications would occur which expanded or shortened the

Sale of goods and agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Offer of products and office - Essay Example In the given case, Kangaroo Developments went into an agreement of offer with Libby’s wines on twentieth January. The conveyance of 200 containers of Queensland Plonk was to be on first February by Libby’s wines on the premises of Kangaroo Developments. Libby’s wine had 700 jugs in their stock from which 200 containers must be isolated to be conveyed to Kangaroo Developments. The 200 jugs, while not isolated, were general merchandise. So as to become learned merchandise, they must be isolated. The understanding was made on twentieth January however the exchange of property had not yet been made. As indicated by Sale of Goods Act, 1979, S.18 (Rule 2), â€Å"Where there is an agreement for the offer of explicit merchandise and the vender will undoubtedly plan something for the products to place them into a deliverable express, the property doesn't go until the thing is done and the purchaser has notice that it has been done.† According to the given realities , Libby’s wines had isolated 200 jugs on twentieth January and checked them to be conveyed to Kangaroo Developments. There is no data in the given realities whether Kangaroo Developments had the information that 200 jugs had been isolated; consequently found out. The administrator set the jugs back following two hours of their division. By the first of February, Libby’s wine had been sold. Expecting that Kangaroo Developments had no information on the partition of 200 jugs, it would imply that the merchandise were rarely found out. Consequently, no exchange of property had occurred and the hazard in them stayed with Libby’s wines. For this situation, since Kangaroo Developments had just addressed the cost of containers to Libby’s wines, they would be qualified for recoup the cost. They would not be qualified for recuperation of 200 jugs since the title was never moved. Then again, if Kangaroo Developments had the information that the products were isolate d to be conveyed to them, the merchandise would have been said to have found out and the exchange of property would have considered to be made. For this situation, Kangaroo Developments would have had the option to recoup the jugs if the courts were persuaded that in spite of the liquidation of Libby’s wines, the conveyance of 200 containers was conceivable. It is on the grounds that the title of the jugs and the hazard in them had been moved when they were isolated. In the event that the liquidation of Libby’s wines had made the conveyance unthinkable, at that point Kangaroo Developments would just have had the option to recoup the cost. In Underwood Ltd v Burgh Castle Brick and Cement Syndicate, the offended parties settled on a consent to sell a level couple consolidating motor to the litigants. The motor must be destroyed. After it was disassembled yet before it could be conveyed, the bed plate of the motor was broken accidently. The litigants would not acknowledge the motor. The offended parties sued. It was held that the litigants were qualified for dismiss the motor on the grounds that the motor was not learned as the respondents didn't have the information about that reality. In this way, the title was not moved. In this way, by the utilization of S.18 of Sale of Goods Act, 1979 and Underwood Ltd v Burgh Castle Brick and Cement Syndicate, Kangaroo Development would possibly have the option to recuperate the cost on the off chance that they didn't have the information on 200 jugs being isolated. The property in products and the hazard in them would stay with Libby’s wines. Against William and Sons According to the given realities, Kangaroo Developments contracted to buy 500 marked espresso cups from William and Sons. Each mug was required to be printed with Kangaroo Development’s logo. For this situation, the topic is future merchandise. As per S.18 of Sale of Goods Act, 1979, the property in products would move to Kangaroo D evelopments when the printing of logos is done and they have its notification. Here, once more, the exchange of property depends on the assertion of the reality whether Kangaroo

The Advantages of Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples

The Advantages of Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples To really turn into a better self-grader, or to even develop into a better grader for somebody else, you want to become more familiarized with the specific grading requirements of ETS. Usually, it's written for application and ought to answer several significant questions. The issue may be a scarcity of superior time to do your college essay because of academic workload or maybe you are in possession of a part-time job which should be attended to on a daily basis. It's also utilized as a matrix for evaluation. Each cell of the rubric describes a particular element of writing at a particular level. Stop by our evaluation section and enroll today. Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples at a Glance In terms of essay rubric, it's a set of rules or instructions about how to compose an essay in an appropriate way. The essay ought to be structured for the readers to stick to the most important idea from the very beginning to the end. At exactly the same time, an argumentative essay rubric is forecast to assess the caliber of the argumentation and how the author integrates facts into the text. There are a few commonalities across each one of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the fact that each task asks you to examine some type of argument and analyze it. It ought to be taken into consideration that the fundamental high school essay is often written in five paragraphs. Student 1A is an instance of utilizing logic to support her or his argument. Research paper rubric requires resorting to the use of many measures to find a thriving paper. The New Fuss About Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples Conclusion doesn't summarize main points. As soon as it's extremely important to make certain your essay has a very clear standpoint, strong vital reasoning, and support for your position, that's not sufficient to secure you a top score. Among the secrets of how to compose a terrific essay is to pay lots of attention to your introduction. For example, a lot of the success of your essay depends upon how well you're able to grab the reader's attention right in the beginning of the paper in order for the reader can't help but need to have through the remaining part of the essay. Now you own a feeling of your writing score. Perhaps you are reluctant to find help because you were once conned by means of a scam on-line help. Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples Options As a result, if you're speaking about essay rubric it means you want to tell a writer what an essay should consist of or to put it differently, what the elements of an essay are. Although your facts do need to be correct, you receive a bit more leeway with your interpretations of the means by which the author's persuasive techniques might impact the audience. If you ask a seasoned essay writer how to write an argumentative essay, he will most likely say th at one of the most essential things is that each example needs context, even the ones which are well known and seemingly require no explanation. There's a lengthy discussion and several examples of rubrics. Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About The disadvantage of holistic rubrics is they do not offer comprehensive feedback and make a more subjective grade. They are a fast and easy way to assess students' work. It's also a fact that college grads are not as likely to be unemployed. Please see the program syllabus for a more comprehensive breakdown of the grading policy. The Unexposed Secret of Ets Issue Essay Rubric Samples 1 aspect where the capability of humans may initially be regarded as an instance of deteriorating minds is using net and mobile phones. Some people think that so as to thrive, a society must put its very own general success before the well-being of its unique citizens. Essentially, you're taking a position on a complicated issue. Often examples can be interpreted in lots of various ways, and it's your job as an author to spell out how exactly your example is linked to the remainder of the job. The usage of language, while not the most influential portion of the essay, does have an impact on the total score. If you don't know a great deal of the phrases and questions above, you'll have lots of practice and learning how to do. It's possible to then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. Good style is considerably more elusive.

Tobacco Advertising And The Indian Government - 997 Words

Tobacco Advertising and the Indian Government An Analysis of the Case Study In February of 2001, India joined many developed nations in a long-held and ongoing debate; that of the ethical responsibility of government in regards to the advertising of tobacco products. By 2001 many other nations had already decided to either place bans on or strongly restrict the advertising of tobacco products in an attempt to curb usage and thereby avoid the ill health effects associated with the product. While the notion of banning advertisement had and continues to have many supporters, there are also critics who claim that banning advertising is akin to restricting rights and questions the decision making abilities of capable adults. This essay will seek to discuss the pros and cons of banning advertisement of tobacco products as it relates to the 2001 case study on the decisions faced by the government of India. The paper will also touch on ethical considerations and personal opinion of the author on this topic of intense debate. The arguments in favor of placing a ban on the advertising of tobacco products not only include the scientifically proven negative health impacts, but also show concern for the usage of tobacco in teenagers and young adults. Critics of big tobacco claim that tobacco companies tailor their ads in a manner that targets young people in order to maintain client base. There is also the issue of the government’s ethical responsibilities and its role as an enablerShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Tobacco Advertising960 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of how tobacco companies try to influence teenagers into adulthood to consume tobacco was further highlighted in a legal case in the US that resulted in a ban on certain adverts that were said to attract the young into smoking Camel cigarettes. The supporters made a strong argument on the financial contribution of the tobacco industry to the Indian economy, in that they showed that not only the profits made in tax were low, but the spending made on health as a result of smoking, surpassedRead MoreIndia s Tobacco Advertising Ban1018 Words   |  5 PagesIndia s Tobacco Advertising Ban The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that worldwide, five million tobacco users die annually and estimates that one million Indians die each year prematurely from tobacco use (2015). As late at 2009, India was â€Å"the world’s second-largest consumer and third-largest producer of tobacco† (Economist, 2009, p. 5). In an attempt to reduce consumption, India introduced its first adverting ban on tobacco in 1990, followed in 2003 by the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco ProductsRead MoreEthical Challenges Of Tobacco Advertisements1170 Words   |  5 PagesETHICAL CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENTS 1 Ethical Challenges of Banning Indian Tobacco Advertisements Poitier Stringer University of the People ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENTS 2 Ethical Challenges of Banning Indian Tobacco Advertisements The tobacco industry has long presented ethical challenges for governments that are tasked with looking after the public good. Tobacco producers have provided significant revenue for many economies, yet they specialize in the manufacturing and distributionRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Indian Government959 Words   |  4 PagesTobacco Advertising was the hot topic it was in the late 90 s and early 2000 s, but it is still something we should strive to understand and functionally work with. The European Union and the United States have banned advertisements from television, while only the United States has banned tobacco advertising for sporting events. The Indian government had enacted an initiative to ban tobacco advertising in sporting events in 2001 to help curb the appeal of tobacco use in minors. The ethicalRead MoreThe Ethical Values Of A Manager1153 Words   |  5 Pageseven nation are ignored when they place financial profits at risk.   Many nations have had to face these moral conflicts when dealing with substances, such as alcohol, drugs, and tobacco.   India is no different and like many developing and developed states, they were faced with the dilemma of the health risks related to tobacco use.   One of the ways to combat a product’s popularity is to limit the exposure of peoples to it by blocking their ability to advertise.   As with most ideas there are proponentsRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising946 Words   |  4 PagesThe Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries li ke France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe Carmel, anRead MoreThe Ban Of Tobacco Companies Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesFebruary 26th, 2001 the Indian government announced they were going to enforce a ban regarding advertising their products in their country. The problem was that tobacco companies in India promote their products through every conceivable medium, including radio, television, newspapers, magazines, billboards and the internet. The government realized that most of these tobacco companies were adapting creative new ways to publicize their brands to young people. Some tobacco companies also decided toRead MoreThe Government Of India ( Goi ) Proposed Ban On Tobacco Advertising947 Words   |  4 Pages1. The Government of India (GOI) proposed ban on tobacco advertising was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. An example is Belgium whose Supreme Court (of Appeal in 1981, gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In a case which started in 1991 and ended in 1997, RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company, marketer of Camel cigarettes, was forced to withdraw its mascot, Joe CarmelRead MoreBan On Tobacco By The Government Of India1078 Words   |  5 PagesBAN ON TOBACCO BY THE GOVERMENT OF INDIA INTRODUCTION According to Brown Williamson Tobacco Corporation â€Å"From an ethical standpoint, it would be wrong to try to cause people to take the risk of smoking. But even beyond the moral issue, for a product such as cigarettes well known to have serious health risks, it would be difficult even to understand how an advertising campaign could be devised to convince people to smoke. India s tobacco problem is very complex; the quote above depicts how ethicallyRead MoreBan Banning Should Not Be Banned981 Words   |  4 Pagesof the most widely debated topics when it comes to government interference is smoking. Often described as a slow killer, many feel that it is something that should not only be avoided, but also banned. In India specifically, a country that is renowned for its high use of tobacco production and use, the idea of smoking has become a national crisis. With tobacco companies trying to push for freedom of speech† with advertisements, and the government attempting to assume a sense of responsibility, it

Cigarettes Are Bad For Your Body - 968 Words

Cigarettes are bad for your body My first thought about cigarettes is, they are very harmful to the body and to others. As you look around at all those who smoke, they don t care who they smoke around. Second hand smoke is just as harmful as smoking is. There are serious dangers out there that are killing people. We should be aware of these dangers and know how it can affects others as well. This is who smoking is bad for anyone because of the harmful dangers cigarettes have in them. The first reason why smoking is bad for you is, it can cause additions. When starting to smoke it s hard for those to stop right away. It takes a lot of commitment and willing to stop because if don’t you won t get very far. There are people†¦show more content†¦No matter what smoke there is it still going to be harmful to the smoker s body. Here are some things that can be harmful to smokers body. Also, smoking is bad for you because it is very harmful to the body. When you first start to smoke it starts to affect your lungs. You have trouble breathing. Eventually if you don t stop smoking that can turn into lung cancer. That is not all. Turlington states The list of diseases caused by smoking has been expanded to include abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, pneumonia, periodontitis, and stomach cancer†. There are so many risk of smoking. Why would you risk yours. Not only does it hurt the smoker s body, but it harms people around them. It s called second hand smoke. Second hand smoke can also give you the same symptoms as smokers. There is not safe environment around smokers. Elsevier B.V say about, Worldwide, 40% of children, 33% of male non-smokers, and 35% of female non-smokers were exposed to secondhand smoke in 2004.This exposure was estimated to have caused 379, 000 deaths from ischemic he art disease†. Since this was in 2004 think about the how high the numbers are now. Another reason smoking is bad for you is, it can cause depression. When sitting there hurting and suffering from a disease that you got from smoking will just break you down. You will soon realize that you made a horrible mistake. Araya mentions about depression can

Finance and Accounting Principles

Questions: 1) Why do companies with defined benefit pension and opebs plans account for gains and losses on pension plan assets and liabilities in their income statement? 2) Research how such gains and losses can be reported for pensions and opebs under the FASBs ASC. In what different ways can managers choose to measure them over time?3) Which method had Ford management used previously to measure its gains and losses? Examine the third quarter Form 10-Q for 2015, Fords most recent financial report filing before the change. What are the cumulative effects of using this method on the companys balance sheet?4) Now examine the tables from the Form 8-K Ford filed with the SEC. The tables provide income statement information for the most recent 3 years of the 5 years for which Ford retroactively restated its records to reflect the change in measurement.a. What impact did the retroactive restatement have on these 3 years incomes?b. What impact will it have had on Fords balance sheet (which Ford did n ot disclose)?5) How do you expect investors to react, from the following standpoints:a. To the overall impact of the change on the company?b. To the informativeness of Fords accounting and disclosures moving forward? Answers: 1. In case of pension plans, companies are responsible for reporting pension gain or loss in the income statement. A pension plan is considered as agreement in which employer provides employees with defined or estimated benefits in exchange for current or past services. The pension benefits are not provided to the employee currently rather they are form of deferred compensation and employees receive the benefits at the time of retirement of post retirement. So, certain expenses are incurred by an organization that must be reported in the income statement. Pension accounting is based on accrual accounting (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson 2013). In case of calculation of pension expenses, the employers must report the effects of gain or losses in income statement. Market instability impacts on pension expenses. The gain or loss components related to pension benefits shows the changes in the employers projected benefit obligation and the market impact on plan assets. Such as prior service co st generally increases the employers pension expenses, but can decrease the expenses if the employer does not provide retroactive pension benefits. Service and interest cost always increase pension expenses. The rate of return normally decreases pension expenses, but can increase it if the assets incur a loss. So, companies need to recognize the gain or loss of pension and OPEB in the statement to show the true picture. 2. There are different approaches for measuring the pension plan gains or losses such as minimum gain or loss amortization using the Corridor Approach and expected versus actual return. According to corridor approach, the amount of gain or loss is calculated as follows: (i) Current year unexpected gain or loss = (Current year actual return Current year expected return) (ii) Current year amortized gain or loss = {Beginning of year accumulated other comprehensive income (Gain or loss) Corridor amount}/Average remaining service life Current year amortized gain or loss is the summation of current year unexpected gain or loss and current year amortized gain or loss. Corridor amount is equal to the 10% of the larger of both projected benefit obligation and plan assets (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2012). According to method of expected return versus actual return, the pension gain or loss is the difference between the expected return and actual return. This is also referred to as unexpected gain or loss. Asset gain occurs when actual return is greater than expected return and asset loss occurs when actual return is less than expected return, gain or loss is recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (Gain or Loss). Prior year Gains Losses are accumulated in the account, expected return reduces the pension expense divided between actual return and unexpected gain or loss, the other comprehensive income includes two accounts Prior Service Cost) other comprehensive income: Gains Losses (Miller-Nobles, Mattison and Matsumara 2014). 3. Ford management has used the corridor approach for recognizing the pension gain or losses. This method has significant impact on the balance sheet (such as retained earnings and accumulated OCI). It is common for companies to capitalize the compensation costs (including net periodic pension expense). So, it also creates effect on the certain items of balance sheet such as inventory and fixed assets. On the side, it creates effect on the in legal contracts and financial leverage ratios (such as debt equity ratio). 4. It has found that retroactive statement has created impact on the income and also EPS of Ford. In 2013, it can be seen that net income attributable to Ford has increased from the previous reported profit. On the other side, EPS has also increased due increasing attributable income. In case of 2014, it is opposite. Net income attributable to ford motor has decreased from previously reported income. In 2015, it has increased again. The retroactive statement has created impact on the Other assets and Other liabilities and deferred revenue. It has reduced other assets by $301 million and increased revenue by $481 million. 5. Investor can show both positive and reaction on the overall impact of the change of the company. They can thing that changing of policy can improve the performance of the company can generate more revenues and profits. Actions can be taken more effectively to improve the performance. On the other side, they can show negative reaction if the company does not able to show the improvement. But after reporting financial statements, it has found that the earnings of the company have increased. So, it can attract investors to invest in the shares. The company has applied new accounting concept which can help to disclose more clear information about the company (Hoggett 2012). The accounting concept is changing sue to cope up with issues. Most of the firms are trying to apply fair value accounting for generating more useful information to provide support in decision making process. Reference List Hoggett, J., 2012.Accounting. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd. Miller-Nobles, T., Mattison, B. and Matsumara, E., 2014.Horngren's accounting. Boston: Pearson. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M., 2013.Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Weygandt, J., Kimmel, P. and Kieso, D., 2012.Accounting principles. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley Sons.

Prohibition Essays (338 words) - Prohibition In The United States

Gabrialle Mijares U.S. history Brondan Stone 24, September 2015 Prohibition on june 16, 1920, the Volstead Act was passed. The Volstead Act controlled the sale, production, and drinking of an alcoholic beverage containing more than 0.5 precent alcohol. The prohibition act was set up because the crime rate was very high. Many people blamed alcohol for the problems. With the prohibition act in place, many thought that it would lower crime. Supportets of prohibition believed that it would also lower poverty and death rates and reduce the number of rats in the streets. They also believed that it would raise the economy and the quality of life. In all actuality, prohibition caused more problems that it solved. The law proved to be unedforceable . There was the creation bootleggers. Bootleggers made there own alcohol and sold it. With the creation of bootleggers there was also the creation of the black market and organized crime. Organized crime groups would open their own saloons and sell the homemade alcohol. During the prohibition time period there where many deaths from alcohol poisoning. This was because the alcohol that was very potent. Prohibition actually raised the crime rate, death rate, poverty, and destoryed society. work cited Barbour, John "Prohibition revisited: The dry-wet spell". Arizona Republic 4Dec. 1983: Rpt. in Alochol 3. Ed. Eleanor Goldstein Boca Raton: Social Issues Resources Series, 1995 Bragg, Roy " Days of the moonshine wars." Houston Chronicle. 8 May 1988: Rpt. in Alochol 4 Ed. Eleanor Goldstein Boca Raton: Social issues Resources series, 1995. McNutty, Timothy J. " Alcohol gets a sober 2d look." Chicago Tribune. 22 June 1986. Rpt. in Alcohol 3. Ed Eleanor Goldstein Boca Raton: Social Issuses Resources Series, 1995 Prohibition Gary "Beer it's been around a long time" Richmond Times Dispatch 24 Oct. 1982 : Rpt. in Alcohoal 3 Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Boca Raton : Social Issuses Resources Series, 1995 Smith Christopher J. " The Geography of Drinking" Focus Winter 1986:Rpt in Alcohoal 4 Ed Eleanor Goldstein Boca Raton Social Issues Resources Series 1992

History of Rugby

History of Rugby Free Online Research Papers The birth of rugby began in England and has developed and spread throughout Britain into one of the nations top played and watched sports. Rugby is a tough sport not only physically but also mentally. It all began in England in the early 1800s and has grown into a huge sport all across Britain with hundreds of teams. A lot of things are different in its early begging stages from how it played today to how the position and fields are set up. My five topics are how rugby was founded, the early rules of rugby, and the early type of apparel worn, the field of play, and its positions. How rugby was actually founded is shrouded in mystery. One of its most famous legends of how it all started took place in 1823 at Rugby School in Warwickshire, England. When William Webb Ellis was playing a football game (soccer) at Rugby School instead of following the rules picked up the ball and ran toward the opponent’s goal (Powell 1). All who witnessed this became intrigued on the idea of running the ball and spread the word. To commiserate Ellis in his actions a stone was placed outside of Rugby School etched with the writing, â€Å"This stone commemorates the Exploit of William Webb Ellis who with a fine disregard of the rules of football as played in his time, first took the ball in his arms and ran with it, thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game A.D. 1823† (General History of Rugby 1). Most historians believe this to be urban legend, but not all of it is made up. It is known that at Rugby School is where Rugby became codified into a sport ( Fagan 1). While other schools in the area moved ahead refining their rules of football, Rugby school developed differently, and by the 1830s running with the ball a Rugby School was in common use. As word of this new game spread, rugby clubs started to appear all around England in 1870(General History of Rugby 1). The early rules were not formed right away; it took a period of years to create. As each new rugby club sprang up, they used different rules because there were no official rules created yet. To fix this, a meeting was held on January 26, 1871 where twenty two clubs from all around England attended to agree on setting rules. This is where the Rugby Union was founded. Following the founding of the Rugby Union, a committee was formed consisting of ex- rugby school studiers who formed a set of law or rules to help unify the game (General History of Rugby 1). By June 1871 they had accomplished their task and an official set of rules were made. Their rules were associated with the type of equipment worn, scoring, and player- to- played contact. The scoring system worked almost the same as modern day rugby. A try at goal worth three points, a converted try five points, penalty goal three points and four points for a field goal. The cross bar was accompanied by a rule that a goal could only be scored by the ball passing over the bar from a placed kick or drop kick (History of Rugby 2). Player- to- player contact rules were created to prevent players from seriously injuring each other, but injures and even deaths were quite common in it early history, for example, hacking over was prohibited because it could leave a player with bad bruises or even broken shins, and after rugby first official season was over there was a total of seventy one deaths caused by heat stroke to broken bones and even massive head injuries. They also introduced an off-your-side rule which was used to keep the teams apart and passing the ball forward was not allowed (History of Rugby 2). Some of the rules that were about player equipment, for example, studs in boots can be worn but had to be cylindrical and not less then  ¾ inch in diameter. Studs must be made of leather and have to be fastened to boots by at least three nails. Rubber studs were added in 1948, aluminum in 1953, and plastic in 1 954 (Rugby Football History 2). The early type of apparel worn and equipment used by Rugby players was limited because; rugby acquired little or no equipment/ apparel at all. Due to the lack of equipment injuries were extremely common. In 1839 the Rugby School was the first to adopt a Rugby uniform. The uniform included a cap, trousers, boots, and long sleeve shirts with their choice of color decided by the team (Rugby Football History 3). The cap also know as the Scrum Cap is made from light leather or sturdy cloth some people thing the scrum cap was used for head protection but that is completely false, the only protection scrum caps offered was ear protection because it had flaps that cover the players ears to protect them from getting grab and even torn off.. The player’s trousers were made of a light sturdy cloth, and the long – sleeved shirt was made of cotton, which allowed ventilation and there usually was a collar with the player’s number on the back, and on the upper front left corner of the player’s shirt was the team or club badge (Powell 9). The first rugby balls were made of an inflated sheep bladder. The first rugby fields were about one hundred and ten yards long and about seventy five yards wide. Most fields were covered in grass, but clay and sand field surfaces were acceptable even though they made players much more susceptible to injury (Powell 6). The lines on early rugby fields were marked in white; there were four types of lines: touch lines, goal lines, dead-ball lines, and touch-in-goal lines. Touch lines are the perimeters of the field down the sides, goal lines are located at each end of the field, and in the center of the goal line there is a field goal. Dead-ball lines are located at each end of the field and are also perimeters. Touch-in-goal lines are located at the ends of both sides of the field at the corner where the touch line and dead-ball line come together (Powell 6 7). If a team has any objection about the field or the field markings, they must tell the referee before the start of the game. All the positions in Rugby require skills such as sprinting can handle the ball, pass the ball, kick the ball, and tackle. In early Rugby their were seven main positions and theses positions are the Fullback, which is the last line of defense and he must be reliable, a good tackler, an excellent kicker, a good ball handler, and a fast runner. The Wings are the fastest sprinters on any team, must run straight and close to the touch lines, and always carries the ball in both hands. Centers , there are two of them, one left the other right, they align themselves in a three quarter line next to each other, their most important role is to be on his opposite center who has the ball so they can be tackled fast. The fly-half kicks the ball high and deep, and are extensions to the scrum half. The scrum-half role is to determine how the play develops after the forward have gained the ball. The half- back role is to watch where the ball goes at any moment and try to get it. The Line-out role is to jump and catch the ball or to tap it to one of his players (Powell 51-87). The sport of rugby has come a long way from its early beginnings back in the 1800’s, and has exploded into a huge sport in Britain and all around the world. Rugby is still a very physical and mental sport today but that would be the case if the men who started it didn’t play rugged and physical. How Rugby was actually founded is still a mystery, but what is known is that a lot of things were different in rugby when it all started in Britain like it rules, the type of clothing and protection worn, the field, and the positions have all changed for the better of the sport. My topics were how rugby was founded, early rules of rugby, and the early type of apparel/equipment used, the field of play, and its positions. Maybe some day we will really find the true creator of the great sport called they call Rugby. Research Papers on History of RugbyThe Hockey GameTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Where Wild and West MeetStandardized TestingCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHip-Hop is Art

The Turning Point of World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Turning Point of World War II - Essay Example Even though the United States was a world power with enormous resources - therefore earning the wariness of the Axis powers - it sat all the way on a different continent. The problem for the Allies was how to leverage these resources to win the war (ibid). The shipping lanes were already rank with the danger of German Uboats making the delivery of supplies and materiel dangerous. The Japanese owned the Pacific waters having built up their naval forces to include a dizzying armada or carriers, battleships, cruisers and destroyers. The pre-emptive strike at Pearl Harbor was meant to totally destroy the American naval force, which was seen by the Japanese as a threat to their Pacific dominance. In the face of the Axis momentum and advantage, America was faced with battle at two fronts, the European and Pacific. They believe that to win the war, victory in Europe against Hitler and Mussolini was imperative before tackling the Japanese(ibid). Therefore it was with this strategy that the Allied forces decided to halt the Axis onslaught. The tide turned in the favor of the Allies inexorably on both fronts during the Russian victory at Stalingrad and the British victory at el-Alamein. In the Pacific, it was the battle of Midway that capped a change of momentum to the Allied forces' favor. The battle at El Alamein - w... If the Germans were successful in broaching those lines, it would have spelled disaster for the Allies, particularly so because it was perilously close to the Suez Canal, a vital shipping link. (Kennedy, et al., 436). The Germans Afrikaa Corps were led by Field Marshall Irwin Rommel, nicknamed the Desert Fox for his daring and cunning in battle. Rommel caught the admiration and esteem of even his Allied foes, and was well-respected as a battle commander. The British forces, led by General Bernard Montgomery, and supplemented by several hundred Sherman tanks pushed back the German forces to Tunisia, 1000 miles away. (ibid) Another major setback for the Germans was their surprising defeat at Stalingrad. Hitler had hoped to sweep through the Russian motherland in a quick and timely fashion. However, Hitler underestimated the Russian winter and the determined resistance by the Russian Red Army. This led to many strategic errors. The German army subsequently had to tie up much resources and time towards conquering Russia. Their defeat was costly, not only in terms of men, supplies, and war materiel, but also strategically. El Alamein was costly because it signified the loss of one of Germany's best generals. Rommel was called back to Germany, and following his implication in an attempted assassination of Hitler, was forced to commit suicide. The Russian and African setbacks pushed back the forces of Hitler at with great casualties. From this point onwards, the Germans were on the defensive, suffering from the effects of having too many objectives and spreading their forces out too thin in the face of a greater opponent (Bailin et al., 762). Midway and the Pacific The Pacific Theater was different from the European theater in the sense that it was

In what ways and to what extent do networks and social capital Essay

In what ways and to what extent do networks and social capital influence and support entrepreneurs - Essay Example The discussion would begin with a brief overview on the entrepreneurship approaches with respect to the social network, which would further lead to the detailed discussion on social networks and theories. Further, several theories on social capital and network would be evaluated to understand their significance in entrepreneurship. The contribution of family for the creation of social capital would be also analyzed here in details. Finally the essay would be concluded stating the entrepreneurial traits and its role in the present global business scenario. An increasing trend of embedding the business decisions in the social structures, by the entrepreneurs, has been increasingly noticed these days. So a structural approach has been used to understand how the entrepreneurs utilize the social relations to acquire resources or suggestions for floating a venture or business. It goes without saying that for establishing a business, an entrepreneur requires to have various resources and co ntacts during different phases. Based on the structural approach, it has also been understood that irrespective of the cultural differences, entrepreneurs approach their social relations in the same way to acquire resources. ... This definition is also applicable for those who take over an existing venture, to start a business. The concept of social network focuses on the relationship between the entrepreneurs and those who provide resources to them for establishing the business. The entrepreneurs must have the set of skills and knowledge to test the networks and resources before utilizing them, but they also need to complement those resources by producing and delivering the goods and services for them. The entrepreneurs also get the access to the knowledge, support and distribution channel with the help of social networks. The availability of such resources helps the new firm to attain a sustainable growth. However, social networks are not permanent and they can be stimulated according to the different requirements. In order to fit the needs of the enterprise, the entrepreneur consider both the distant and close networks, with respect to the business decisions. Family members also play a critical role in ca se of entrepreneurship, as they also offer different kinds of help inform of assets or finances (Thornton, and Flynn, 2003, p. 401-402). Social networks are gaining importance among the business owners or entrepreneurs because they assist the start up firms with information, new business opportunities, advices, and various other forms of resources. The entrepreneurs to some extent are depended on these social networks which includes their personal relationship for problem solving and decision-making functions. The development of the social capital is also the outcome of establishing strong social networks. The social capital derived from the networks consist of the resources that is obtained from

Is Wal Mart Good For America Essay Example for Free

Is Wal Mart Good For America Essay The growth and dominance of Wal-Mart over the years has indeed turned it into an economy all its own. There is no single corporation in the world that has as much impact as Wal-Mart has, save perhaps for oil corporations, on any single domestic or even international economy. The volume of sales which Wal-Mart generates is enough to keep the rest of the world happily employed and is also enough to keep the consumerist population of the United States happy in their spending habits. Every single commodity manufacturer who is interested in surviving must be able to gain the good graces of Wal-Mart. The impact of Wal-Mart is such that it â€Å"has life-or-death decision over [almost] all the consumer goods industries that exist in the United States (Gereffi 2006). † This virtually unbridled power of the life or death of consumer goods industries, however, presents the question of whether or not Wal-Mart is indeed good for America. While it certainly does create jobs and sustains the consumer goods industries of America, it also has the same power of taking such benefits away and perhaps leaving the American economy in a far worse off situation than it is at the present. Wal-Mart has become so powerful that any shift in its purchasing and production policies will certainly result in some imbalance on a certain economy in the world. An example of the power of Wal-Mart is the fact that because of the immense volume of sales that Wal-Mart generates it is able to dictate where goods are to be manufactured in the world despite the fact that it is not a producer but simply a retail-chain. For a retail chain to be able to dictate to suppliers where they are to produce their items in order to be able to sell to Wal-Mart at a lower cost means that the retail chain has either a huge stake in the ownership of the supplier or buys so much from the supplier that it is able to dictate the price that it is willing to buy at and by doing so dictate where such goods are to be produced. In determining whether or not Wal-Mart is good for America, the basic economic principles of any market must be analyzed. Every market is governed by two basic forces, supply and demand. Wal-Mart is able to control both these forces because of the immense size that it has. It controls supply by deciding what items it chooses to retail. It also decides the demand for the item by pricing competitively. In its early years, Wal-Mart provided jobs for most Americans because a majority of the goods supplied were produced in the United States. With globalization and the theory of a flat world, other countries have become more competitive industrially and have now taken those production jobs that were previously held by Americans. The outsourcing of consumer goods industries to other countries can be theorized to have been created by the Wal-Mart demand for cheaper products from their suppliers. The problem with this scenario is that it creates unemployment for Americans who are the main buyers from Wal-Mart. In order to counteract this scenario, Wal-Mart must then reduce prices lower to meet the increasing lower income bracket of unemployed Americans who have lost their jobs because of the global production tilt to other countries. As this trend continues, it may be theorized that Wal-Mart will eventually strangle itself by driving the prices of goods down too much without protecting its major market which is the United States. The status of Wal-Mart, therefore, as either a boon or a bane for the American economy solely depends on whether or not it is willing to protect its major market which is the United States. Wal-Mart not only determines which consumer goods industries are to survive but also which economies are to benefit.

Multiple Sclerosis Essay -- essays research papers

Multiple Sclerosis, MS for short, effects approximately 5 in 10,000 people, and my step-mom Kathy happens to be one of the unlucky few (Rogner 5). MS is a disease that strikes the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal chord. These two organs control the movement and function of the entire body. Inside the body of a person with MS the tube that sends signals throughout the body is either partially of fully blocked, leaving the victim with for starters, impaired vision, strength, and coordination (5). There are a couple of different types of MS, which include relapsing-remitting, primary-progressive, secondary-progressive, and primary relapsing (Kalb 5). The type that my step mom has is primary-progressive, which is considered the worst type of MS. According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society a person with primary-progressive MS is “characterized by a gradual but steady progression of disability from the onset, with no obvious plateaus or remissio ns, or only occasional plateaus and minor, temporary improvements.'; In short this means that the symptoms Kathy is experiencing such as falling down due to a lack of coordination, tiredness, numbness, and bladder problems are only going to get worse. But possibly the worst symptom of all are mental problems such as a loss of self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness. The most obvious effect that MS has on a person is a loss of coordination and balance; approximately 77 percent of people af...

Ethical decision making for Procter And Gamble Essay

  Procter & Gamble (PG) is a global investor, a company that is always on top of marketing and reinforcing its brand names as being at the top of the pack. One example of how the company has used social media to reinforce its brand and then offer a short term income play. The creativity in marketing today can be amazing when one uses social networking in combination with brand awareness. And this type of quick thinking and awareness can set a company apart, contributing to sales. Procter and Gamble is a great example of this. P&G has a purpose to keep current on events that happen through the day that could have an impact on its brands. It looks for things that could possibly have a direct attitude upon loyal customers. â€Å"In one instance, for example, the Tide brand came to the rescue after a fiery explosion during the Dayton 500 covered the Speedway with 200 gallons of burning fuel. TV viewers watched track workers using Tide to clean the track during a two-hour delay in the Great American Race. Corporate Governance is the interaction of the management, shareholders and Board of Directors to help ensure that all investors—both shareholders and creditors—are protected against managers acting solely in their own best interest. Corporate Governance consists of laws, policies, procedures and, most importantly, practices that ensure the well-being of the assets of the Company. Corporate Governance is at its highest levels when management acts as if they are long-term investors in the Company.The policies, procedures and practices spelled out in this section demonstrate that Procter & Gamble takes Corporate Governance very seriously. Our management acts as long-term investors of the Company because they, like most Procter & Gamble employees at all levels, are in fact long-term investors. Employees Are Long-Term Investors In 1887, before P&G was even a publicly traded company, William Cooper Procter introduced a profit-sharing program for employees. At the time he said, â€Å"We should let the employees share in the firm’s earnings. That will give them an incentive to increase earnings.† He revised that program in 1903 to have the profit sharing be awarded in the form of actual P&G stock. He reasoned that as employees became stockholders, their economic interests and those of the Company would be bound more closely together. That program still exists today with a large part of each U.S. employee’s retirement consisting of P&G stock. Additionally, virtually all employees own P&G stock or stock rights via various investment programs. Because of that fact, employees’ economic interests are aligned to those of the Company. Further, our Executive Share Ownership Program requires senior executives to own shares of Company stock and/or restricted stock units valued at eight times base salary for the Chief Executive Officer, and five times base salary for the other senior executives. Non-employee directors must own Company stock and/or restricted stock units worth six times their annual cash retainer. These compensation programs help to ensure the alignment of the interests of our senior executives and directors with shareholders. A Foundation of Integrity, Control and Stewardship P&G has a strong history of operating with integrity throughout the Company—at all levels, in all countries, both internally and externally. Our actions and the actions of all our employees are governed by our Purpose, Values and Principles. The basis for every decision we make at P&G can be found in our Purpose, Values and Principles—our PVPs. The clarity and constancy of the Company’s PVPs is the one factor above all others that has driven the Company’s growth over generations. Our commitment to operate responsibly is reflected in the steps we have in place to ensure rigorous financial discipline and Corporate Governance. We have an active, capable and diligent Board of Directors that meets the required standards of independence, with members who understand their role in providing strong Corporate Governance. Our Audit Committee is comprised exclusively of independent directors, with significant financial knowledge and experience. The Audit Committee als o meets regularly in private session with the Company’s independent auditors, Deloitte & Touche LLP. We maintain a strong internal control environment. Our rigorous business process controls include written policies and procedures, segregation of duties and the careful selection and development of employees. The system is designed to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are executed as authorized and  appropriately recorded, that assets are safeguarded and that accounting records are sufficiently reliable to permit the preparation of financial statements conforming in all material respects with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. We monitor these internal controls through an ongoing program of audit self-assessment and internal and external audits. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed is recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely and accurate manner. Our Disclosur e Committee is comprised of senior-level executives responsible for evaluating disclosure implications of significant business activities and events. We execute financial stewardship by maintaining specific programs and activities to ensure that employees understand their fiduciary responsibilities to shareholders. This ongoing effort encompasses financial discipline in strategic and daily business decisions and brings particular focus to maintaining accurate financial reporting and effective controls. In addition, our Global Leadership Council is actively involved in rigorous oversight of the business. We reinforce key employee responsibilities through the Company’s Worldwide Business Conduct, which details management’s and the Board of Directors’ commitment to conduct the Company’s business affairs with high ethical standards. Every employee is required to be trained on the Company’s Worldwide Business Conduct Manual, and every employee is held p ersonally accountable for compliance. Portions of the Worldwide Business Conduct Manual comprise P&G’s Code of Ethics for SEC and New York Stock Exchange Regulatory Purposes, as further described in the Manual. Doing What’s Right P&G’s reputation is earned by our conduct: what we say, what we do, the products we make, the services we provide and the way we act and treat others. As conscientious citizens and employees, we want to do what is right. For P&G, and our global operations, this is the only way to do business. A.2.1.5.1. External reporting on social/ethical issues 100.0% A+ The company provides comprehensive and transparent social/ethical reporting on a regular basis. Coverage: Group-wide coverage (= 100% of employees are  covered by reporting). Comment: The company reports on social/ethical issues in its Sustainability Reports and on its corporate website as well as affiliated websites (www.scienceinthebox.com, www.pgbeautyscience.com). The company provides information on employees (diversity and health & safety data, layoffs/outplacement programs, training, working conditions), product responsibility, as well as on its community involvement and philanthropic initiatives. In addition, P&G re ports on HSE non-compliance and fines. Some issues in the report are covered in-depth (e.g. community initiatives, diversity, training and consumer information). Some issues, however, are only covered in a rather general way (e.g. working conditions). Apart from policies and standards, there is only little information on the company’s supply chain management such as on supplier audits or counseling with regard to social issues. The company’s 2007 sustainability report was prepared using the Global Reporting Initiative’s reporting guidelines. No information is available whether the report has been audited by an external accountant. BATAVIA, Ohio (AdAge.com) — Procter & Gamble Co. and Unilever have battled over many things over the decades, from soap shares to spy scandals. But the latest battleground may be the most surprising and intriguing — a race to show who’s best at saving the world. P&G Global Marketing Officer Jim Stengel P&G Global Marketing Officer Jim Stengel Nothing indicates the growing hold â€Å"ethical marketing† has on the industry better than the concept’s growing embrace by the world’s two biggest spenders. While both have been engaged in such efforts for years, they’re talking about them, and particularly advertising them, like never before. No less than Bill Gates recently mentioned Unilever as a top-of-mind example of a company involved in sustainability efforts in a CNBC interview from the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Unilever also won top honors in global ethical-reputation rankings from PR-monitoring firm Covalence in 2007 and Columbia University’s Botwinick Prize in business ethics, in part for such efforts as Dove’s â€Å"Campaign for Real Beauty† which aims to reach 5 million girls with self-esteem programs. In fact, the line between doing good and marketing has become blurry enough that Dove’s â€Å"Evolution† viral video had to be yanked from a not-for-profit classification at the last minute to qualify for last year’s Film Grand Prix at Cannes. The same day as Mr. Gates’ interview, P&G indicated it would be communicating about its sustainability efforts — defined to encompass a broad range of community-betterment programs — a much bigger priority in 2008. P&G goes beyond It will be hard to do more communicating than P&G already has done. At least eight P&G brands have active ad campaigns touting environmental or philanthropic efforts, everything from Always and Tampax supporting efforts to keep African girls in school by providing them with free sanitary-protection products to Pantene collecting locks of hair for cancer patients. Two of those efforts already are leading to new-product launches, in the cases of Pantene and Pur water filters, the latter having switched ad agencies in part to advance its cause-related marketing. Though both P&G and Unilever see prospects for substantial gains from such efforts on their bottom lines and for the communities in which they operate, both acknowledge that much of the effort is for internal consumption. Simply put, it’s getting impossible to attract or retain marketers without a solid reputation for ethical marketing. â€Å"We are seeing, particularly with the new generation of young business people and young marketers, that they are only attracted to companies that fit with their own value set,† said Kevin Havelock, president of Unilever U.S. â€Å"And the value set of the new generation is one that says this company must take a positive and global view on the global environment. †¦ The ethical positions we take on brands like Dove, the positions we take on not using models of size zero across any of our brands, the positions we take in terms of adding back to communities †¦ these all underpin an attractive  proposition for marketers.† It’s a similar story at P&G, which has had a fairly long tradition of marketers leaving for philanthropic or religious pursuits. Cause-marketing efforts have â€Å"a big motivational impact,† said P&G Global Marketing Officer Jim Stengel. â€Å"It fires the agencies up, too. †¦ It just feels like you’re playing to a higher-order ideal.† Telling everyone But neither P&G nor Unilever is just preaching to the choir anymore, or even limiting the message to its long-standing public-relations silo. They’re increasingly incorporating their cause marketing into mainstream brand advertising and product assortments. P&G’s Pur has one of the most elaborate cause-marketing efforts — a $20 million program that aims to purify 2 billion liters of water in Africa and save 10,000 lives by 2012. New Age as the program may be, the ads are classic package goods. The Pur water-purification packets make for an amazing product demo. Take the most turbid swamp water imaginable, mix in a sachet of Pur Purifier of Water and strain it through a cloth. Within a minute or so, it produces a pitcher of perfectly clear, drinkable water. The trouble is, the people who need it most have no money. Hence it became one of the cornerstone projects in the company’s global Live, Learn, Thrive philanthropic program, albeit with a commercial twist. P&G has licensed the product to Canada’s Reliance Products for a U.S. launch aimed at campers and disaster-preparedness kits that broke in late February behind a feature in P&G’s March and April Brand Saver newspaper coupon inserts. Saatchi gets in the game Though those ads for the P&G-Reliance effort came from Quigley-Simpson, a Los Angeles direct-response agency, Pur’s shift to a sustainability message played a role in the shift of the brand’s creative account to Omnicom Group’s TBWA/Chiat Day, Playa Del Rey, Calif., from Publicis Groupe’s Saatchi & Saatchi, Los Angeles, last year. Saatchi lost Pur, but the agency has definitely not given up on sustainability. In January, Saatchi acquired San Francisco-based consultancy Act Now Productions, headed by former Sierra Club executive turned Wal-Mart consultant Adam Werbach, to form a Saatchi & Saatchi S (for sustainability). The growing interest in sustainability issues from P&G, Unilever, Wal-Mart and others is creating ripples of change throughout marketing services. ARS Group, which for decades has tested TV copy for P&G and others in package-goods, recently formed its own green consulting unit, ARSGreen. What ARS is finding underlines the big reason that sustainability has become so popular with analytical package-goods types: it works — at least sometimes. Green ads in the ARS database do about as well as others on recall and persuasion, said Ashley Grace, president of ARSGreen and head of research and development for ARS Group. Doing about average is actually a testament to sustainability’s selling power, as he sees it. Offering solutions â€Å"In our database, about one out of 50 ads usually has a negative tone,† Mr. Grace said. â€Å"In the green data set, it’s more like 75%.† ARS has found for decades that negative ads — which raise a problem without offering a real solution — usually fare poorly in tests. But negative green ads generally do about average. And green ads that go the extra step of offering tangible solutions can sometimes score exceptionally well. Ashley Grace, president of ARSGreen and head of research and development for ARS Group Ashley Grace, president of ARSGreen and head of research and development for ARS Group While many in the package-goods industry believe sustainability messages resonate with only about 10% to 15% of consumers, ARS research indicates such appeals can sway about two-thirds of people, including 24% in the hard-core health and sustainability segment who rate both personal and environmental health highly. To be sure, copy testing is widely loathed by advertising agencies, particularly creatives. But marketers such as P&G use the results because they correlate with sales results. It’s clear that ethical marketing really can make a difference in people’s lives. For example, since P&G’s Pantene launched its Beautiful Lengths program in 2006 to solicit locks of hair to be woven into wigs for women receiving cancer treatments, it has gotten enough donations to make 3,000 wigs. Compare that to the 2,000 wigs created over 10 years by the previously existing charity in the space, Locks of Love. It doesn’t hurt P&G, of course, that Oprah snipped the locks of Hilary Swank on air for one of those wigs, or that schoolgirls have organized events to collect hundreds of hair donations at once. Oh, and it dovetails nicely with the launch of Pantene Beautiful Lengths shampoo and conditioner later this year to care for those long locks. Mitigating factors Of course, such programs only work if other factors, such as product and pricing, are also right. For example, P&G Chairman-CEO A.G. Lafley identified the U.S. Pantene business as the only real problem in the company’s global hair-care portfolio in a January investor conference call, but the share losses date to the brand’s restage last year, not to the launch of Beautiful Lengths a year earlier. Unilever’s Campaign for Real Beauty, while very much alive, last year stopped delivering double-digit sales gains Unilever had seen the first two years of the effort. Dove’s 2007’s new-product lineup didn’t go over as well as prior years (and a price hike on bar soap, not initially reciprocated by P&G and others, didn’t help, either). By whatever name — ethical, sustainable or cause marketing â€Å"is an important secondary factor† for consumers, said Unilever’s Mr. Havelock. â€Å"A great product at the right price is the entry point,† he said. â€Å"Once there, a company or a brand that has a social responsibility position or a sustainability position will then have an edge over other brands.† Of course, in an age of social media, marketing’s good deeds seldom go entirely unpunished, and never unquestioned. Even P&G’s ads about efforts to provide free sanitary protection in Africa to help keep girls from missing school, which broke in December from Publicis Groupe’s Leo Burnett Co., have prompted lengthy discussions on some blogs criticizing the motives in using giveaways to develop new markets — and generating more waste as a result. â€Å"When you do it in the right way, with the right tone and authenticity, consumers reward us [for these programs],† Mr. Stengel said, citing Pampers’ 20-country, multiyear effort to fight tetanus via Unicef as the P&G program that appears to have had the biggest positive impact on sales and brand equity to date. Such programs work best when owned by the brand, which is why P&G, like Unilever, has generally avoided multi-company efforts such as the Red campaign to fight AIDS or the Susan G. Komen pink-ribbon campaign against breast cancer, instead focusing on efforts linked specifically to their own brands’ equity and function. â€Å"It has to be right for the brand’s voice,† said Mr. Stengel. â€Å"And it has to really work for the business.†

Case Study of Bill Gates - 1348 Words

MGMT 368 CASE ANALYSIS EXAMPLE C THE CASE OF BILL GATES MGMT 368B BUSINESS ETHICS PROBLEM ISSUE AND IDENTIFICATION WHAT ARE THE CENTRAL FACTS OF THE CASE? *William ‘Bill Gates III, Microsoft Corp Chairman, is the most wealthiest businessman there is (http://www.reviewjournal.com/1vrg_home/1997/Apr-02-Wed-1997/news/5134242.html). *Microsoft does not pay its workers as well as some competitors do; however, many workers get stock options. As a result, the worth of these stock options makes one in five of Microsofts workers millionaires. *Gates earned his money legally and, within the system, ethically. Claims have been made against antitrust violations, but as of 1988, no adverse judgments against Microsoft (DeGeorge,†¦show more content†¦WHAT CHALLENGES, THREATS OR OPPORTUNITIES ARE POSED BY THESE STAKEHOLDERS? Forcing Microsoft to promote the products of its competition is like forcing NBC to promote CBS programs. These forced demands are a violation of the rights of Bill Gates, the rights of Microsoft shareholders, and of the American ideals of justice, rights, and freedom (http://microsoft.aynrand.org/pr1.html). WHAT ECONOMIC, LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND PHILANTHROPIC RESPONSIBILITIES DOES THE COMPANY HAVE, AND WHAT IS THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF THESE RESPONSIBILITIES? Microsoft has been behaving more mature Ââ€" paying out dividends, nixing stock options Ââ€" but is no less formidable: Were just at the beginning of what we can do with software, proclaimed the giant Gates at a company meeting in July 2003. Microsoft is moving far beyond the PC. Its chief software architect is taking Microsoft into TVs, cellular phones, automobiles, even wristwatches. Its present flagship Windows operating system runs 94% of the worlds desktops, but the company is facing heated pressure from Linux, whose open-source system for servers is outgrowing Microsofts. The future is bright for Windows successor, dubbed Longhorn, which might surface in 2005. Away from his desk, the worlds biggest philanthropist is giving billions to eradicating infectious diseases (polio, AIDS) and developing vaccines through the $24 billion Bill Melinda Gates Foundation. The notorious William H. GatesShow MoreRelatedBill Melinda Gates Case Study Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bill Melinda Gates Foundation is a foundation that supports other organizations who share its guiding belief that every life has equal value. Located in Seattle, Washington, the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation have an asset trust endowment of 36.2 billion dollars as of September 30, 2012. It supports grantees in all 50 states and 100 countries internationally in areas of global development, global health, United States program, and a smaller charitable support initiative sector. Bill Gates, MelindaRead MoreCase Study Bill and Melinda Gates Leadership2126 Words   |  9 PagesCase summary 1. 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